Correlative ecological niche modeling was used to assess geographic distances and landscape resistances. Here, we addressed whether the genetic pattern of the easternmost Alpine black grouse metapopulation system is driven by isolation by distance or isolation by resistance. Molecular data combined with spatial analyses can help to assess landscape effects on genetic variation and therefore can be informative for conservation management. At its easternmost Alpine range, events of subpopulation extinction have already been documented in the past decades. Within Central Europe, the Alps represent the core distribution area of the black grouse, Lyrurus tetrix. Especially for animal species in fragmented landscapes, preservation of gene flow becomes a high priority target in order to restore genetic diversity and prevent local extinction. In modern wildlife ecology, spatial population genetic methods are becoming increasingly applied.
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